The effect of friction, between the air and the land, breaks the geostrophic balance.
2.
This is called geostrophic balance, and is equivalent to saying that the Rossby number is small.
3.
This equatorial Beta plane assumption requires a geostrophic balance between the eastward velocity and the north-south pressure gradient.
4.
Outside the tropics and aloft from frictional effects of the surface, the large-scale winds tend to approach geostrophic balance.
5.
The thermal wind relation results from hydrostatic balance and geostrophic balance in the presence of a temperature gradient along constant pressure surfaces, or isobars.
6.
Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance, one can derive the thermal wind relation : the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient.
7.
Note that the geostrophic balance is thus very different from the case of " inertial motions " ( see below ), which explains why mid-latitude cyclones are larger by an order of magnitude than inertial circle flow would be.
8.
The major currents of the world's oceans, such as the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Current, the Agulhas Current, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, are all approximately in geostrophic balance and are examples of geostrophic currents.
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